Skip to content- Category: Miscellaneous Building Materials
- Category: Mortars
- Category: Project managment
- Category: Questions and Answers
- What is the purpose of skin reinforcement for deep beams?
- What is the difference between epoxy grout, cement grout and cement mortar?
- For column reinforcements, why is helical reinforcement sometimes designed instead of normal links?
- What is the difference in application between open stirrups and closed stirrups in concrete beams?
- For long slender structures like beams, propping is required after removal of formwork. Why?
- General Specification for Civil Engineering Works (1992 Edition) Clause 15.09 specifies that tying wires for reinforcement adjacent to and above Class F4 and F5 finishes should be stainless steel wires. Why?
- Does the presence of rust have adverse impact to the bond performance of bar reinforcement?
- Can a concrete structure be completely free of expansion joints and contraction joints?
- Which type of bar reinforcement is more corrosion resistant, epoxy-coated bars, stainless steel bars or galvanized bars?
- Can grout replace concrete in normal structure?
- If a contractor proposes to increase concrete cover beyond contractual specification (i.e. 40mm to 70mm), shall engineers accept the proposal?
- In carrying out compression test for concrete, should test cubes or test cylinders be adopted?
- What is the function of rebate in a typical construction joint?
- In erection of falsework, for a rectangular panel inside a falsework should it be braced along the two diagonals?
- What is the indication of shear slump and collapse slump in slump tests?
- If concrete compression test fails, should Schmidt hammer test be adopted as an alternative test to prove the concrete strength?
- Comparing the rate of Formwork exceeding 300mm wide, horizontal or at any inclination up to and including 5o to the horizontal with the rate of Formwork exceeding 300mm wide, at any inclination more than 85o up to and including 90o to the horizontal, which one is higher?
- What are the disadvantages of curing by ponding and polythene sheets?
- Is it desirable to use concrete of very high strength i.e. exceeding 60MPa? What are the potential problems associated with such high strength concrete?
- What are the major problems in using pumping for concreting works?
- In designing concrete structures, normally maximum aggregate sizes are adopted with ranges from 10mm to 20mm. Does an increase of maximum aggregate size benefit the structures?
- What is the function of shear keys in the design of retaining walls?
- If on-site slump test fails, should engineers allow the contractor to continue the concreting works?
- What are the functions of different components of a typical expansion joint?
- What is sucker deck principle for variable depth bridge decks?
- How do engineer determine the number of cells for concrete box girder bridges?
- Should raking piles of a bridge abutment be placed under an embankment?
- Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) is commonly used in sliding bearings. Why?
- What are the shortcomings of grillage analysis which is commonly used in structural analysis of bridges?
- Under what situation should engineers use pot bearings instead of elastomeric bearings?
- In joints of precast concrete bridge segments, what are the functions of applying epoxy adhesive?
- What is the consideration in selecting the orientation of wing walls in the design of bridge abutments?
- What are the functions of grout inside tendon ducts?
- In the design of a simply supported skew bridge, which direction of reinforcement should be provided?
- Why is the span length ratio of end span/approach span to its neighboring inner spans usually about 0.75?
- What are the three major types of reinforcement used in prestressing?
- What is the advantage of sliding bearings over roller bearings?
- Are diaphragms necessary in the design of concrete box girder bridges?
- What are the advantages of piers constructed monolithically with the bridge deck over usage of bearings?
- In the construction of a two-span bridge (span length = L) by using span-by-span construction, why is a length of about 1.25L bridge segment is constructed in the first phase of construction?
- In a curved prestressed bridge, how should the guided bearings in piers of the curved region be oriented with respect to the fixed bearing in abutment?
- How to determine the size of elastomeric bearings?
- In the design of elastomeric bearings, why are steel plates inserted inside the bearings?
- In prestressing work, if more than one wire or strand is included in the same duct, why should all wires/strands be stressed at the same time?
- Sometimes the side of concrete bridges is observed to turn black in colour. What is the reason for this phenomenon
- What are the advantages of assigning the central pier and the abutment as fixed piers?
- In bridge widening projects, the method of stitching is normally employed for connecting existing deck to the new deck. What are the problems associated with this method in terms of shrinkage of concrete?
- In incremental launching method of bridge construction, what are the measures adopted to enhance sufficient resistance of the superstructure during the launching process?
- What is preset during installation of bridge bearings?
- Under what situation shall engineers use jacking at one end only and from both ends in prestressing work?
- Category: Structural Analysis
- Plane and Space Trusses
- Space Trusses
- Complex Trusses
- Compound Trusses Problems and Solutions
- Analysis of Compound Trusses
- Plane Trusses by the Method of Sections Problems and Solutions
- Analysis of Plane Trusses by the Method of Sections
- Plane Trusses by the Method of Joints Problems and solutions
- Analysis of Plane Trusses by the Method of Joints
- Static Determinacy, Indeterminacy, and Instability of Plane Trusses
- Equations of Condition for Plane Trusses
- Arrangement of Members of Plane Trusses-Internal Stability
- Assumptions for Analysis of Trusses
- Equilibrium and Support Reactions
- Reactions of Simply Supported Structures Using Proportions
- Principle of Superposition
- Computation of Reactions Problems and Solutions
- Computation of Reactions
- Static Determinacy, Indeterminacy, and Instability
- Types of Supports for Plane Structures
- External and Internal Forces
- Equilibrium of Structures
- Loads on Structures
- Hydrostatic and Soil Pressures
- Earthquake Loads
- Snow Loads with example
- Wind loads with example
- Live loads
- Dead Loads
- ANALYTICAL MODELS
- CLASSIFICATION OF STRUCTURES
- Category: Finite Elements
- Category: Structural Steel
- Erection of Cable-Suspended Bridges
- Seismic Analysis of Cable-Suspended Structures
- Aerodynamic Analysis of Cable-Suspended Bridges
- Preliminary Design of Cable-Stayed Bridges
- Cable-Stayed Bridge Analysis
- Self-Anchored Suspension Bridges
- Suspension-Bridge Analysis
- Statics of Cables
- Corrosion Protection of Cables
- Cable Saddles, Anchorages and Connections
- Cables
- Specifications and Loadings for Cable-Suspended Bridges
- Cable-Suspended Bridges for Rail Loading
- Technological Limitations to Future Development
- Span Growth of Suspension Bridges
- Population Demographics of Suspension Bridges
- Need for Longer Spans
- Classification of Bridges by Span
- Classification and Characteristics of Cable-Stayed Bridges
- Classification and Characteristics of Suspension Bridges
- Classification of Cable-Suspended Bridges
- Evolution of Cable-Suspended Bridges
- Buckling Considerations for Arches
- Guidelines for Preliminary Designs and Estimates
- Examples of Arch Bridges
- Design of Other Elements
- Design of Arch Ribs and Ties
- Erection of Arch Bridges
- Comparison of Arch with Other Bridge Types
- Selection of Arch Type and Form
- Arch Forms
- Types of Arches
- Continuous Trusses
- Truss Supports and Other Details
- Truss Bridges on Curves
- Skewed Bridges
- Truss Joint Design Procedure
- Member Design Example-LRFD
- Member and Joint Design Examples-LFD and SLD
- Truss Member Details
- Truss Design Procedure
- Resistance to Longitudinal Forces
- Lateral Bracing, Portals, and Sway Frames
- Deck Design
- Bridge Layout
- Types of Trusses
- Truss Components
- Specifications
- Allowable-Stress Design of Bridge with Continuous, Composite Stringers
- Continuous-Beam Bridges
- Orthotropic-Plate Girder Bridges
- Composite Box-Girder Bridges
- Through Plate-Girder Bridges with Floorbeams
- Deck Plate-Girder Bridges with Floorbeams
- Characteristics of Curved Girder Bridges
- Characteristics of Plate-Girder Stringer Bridges
- Characteristics of Beam Bridges
- Other Considerations
- Members Stressed Primarily in Bending
- Stay Plates
- Compression Members
- General Design Provisions
- Impact Test Requirements for Structural Steel
- Fracture Critical Members
- Fatigue Design
- Basic Allowable Stresses
- Composite Steel and Concrete Spans
- Design Loadings
- Design Considerations
- Owners Concerns
- Reference Materials
- Inspectability
- Constructability
- Bridge Steels and Corrosion Protection
- Elimination of Expansion Joints in Highway Bridges
- Bridge Decks
- Stringer or Girder Spacing
- Detailing for Weldability
- Bearings
- Span Lengths and Deflections
- Orthotropic-Deck Bridges
- Hybrid Girders
- Box Girders
- Cost-Effective Plate-Girder Designs
- Composite Construction with I Girders
- Plate Girders and Cover-Plated Rolled Beams
- Criteria for Built-Up Compression Members
- Criteria for Built-Up Tension Members
- Detailing for Buckling
- Detailing for Earthquakes
- Repetitive Loadings
- Fracture Control
- Basic Allowable Stresses for Bridges
- Distribution of Loads through Decks
- Nominal Resistance for LRFD
- Load Combinations and Effects
- Highway Design Loadings
- Primary Design Considerations
- Example of Bending Strength Calculation
- Example of Effective Section Calculation
- Wall Stud Assemblies
- Other Limit States at Connections
- Screw Connections
- Bolted Connections
- Welded Connections
- Cylindrical Tubular Members
- Combined Compressive Axial Load and Bending
- Combined Tensile Axial Load and Bending
- Concentrically Loaded Compression Members
- Flexural Members
- Tension Members
- Effective Widths of Uniformly Compressed Elements with Edge Stiffener
- Effective Widths of Unstiffened Elements
- Effective Widths of Stiffened Elements
- Maximum Width-to-Thickness Ratios
- Effective Width Concept
- Section Property Calculations
- Design Methods
- Nominal Loads
- Manufacturing Methods and Effects
- Design Specifications and Materials
- Member and Connection Design for Lateral Loads
- Forces in Frames Subjected to Lateral Loads
- Seismic-Design Limitations on Steel Frames
- Structural Steel Systems for Seismic Design
- Dynamic Method of Seismic Load Distribution
- Seismic Loads in Model Codes
- Equivalent Static Forces for Seismic Design
- Determination of Wind Loads
- Description of Wind Forces
- Cable Structures
- Dome Roofs
- Arched Roofs
- Space Frames
- Plate Girders
- Vibrations
- Fire Protection
- Dead-Load Deflection
- ASD versus LRFD
- Castellated Beams
- Staggered Trusses
- Stub-Girders
- Trusses
- Lightweight Steel Framing
- Open-Web Joists
- Rolled Shapes
- Gypsum-Concrete Decks
- Wood-Fiber Planks
- Lightweight Precast-Concrete Roof Panels
- Metal Roof Deck
- Cast-in-Place Concrete Slabs
- Precast-Concrete Plank
- Concrete Fill on Metal Deck
- Fire Protection
- Cable Construction
- Hollow Structural Sections
- Plastic Design
- Built-Up Tension Members
- Built-Up Compression Members
- Serviceability
- Criteria for Composite Construction
- Design Parameters for Rolled Beams and Plate Girders
- Design Parameters for Tension Members
- Local Plate Buckling
- Fatigue Loading
- Wind and Seismic Stresses
- Combined Bending and Tension
- Combined Bending and Compression
- Bearing
- Bending Strength
- Compression
- Combined Tension and Shear
- Shear
- Axial Tension
- ASD and LRFD Specifications
- Combined Loads
- Restraint Loads
- Crane-Runway Loads
- Impact Loads
- Seismic Loads
- Wind Loads
- Roof Loads
- Building Occupancy Loads
- Standard Specifications
- Approval of Special Construction
- Building Codes
- Crane-Girder Connections
- Connections for Bracing
- Truss Connections
- Beams Seated Atop Supports
- Moment Connections
- Connections for Simple Beams
- Bracket Connections
- Shear Splices
- Beam Bearing Plates
- Column Base Plates
- Compression Splices
- Tension Splices
- Hanger Connections
- Minimum Connections
- Welding Clearance and Space
- Weld Quality
- Welding Procedures
- Limitations on Plug and Slot Weld Dimensions
- Limitations on Fillet-Weld Dimensions
- Welding Positions
- Types of Welds
- Welding Materials
- Installation of Fasteners
- Fillers
- Edge Distance of Fasteners
- Fastener Spacing
- Clearances for Fasteners
- Minimum Number of Fasteners
- Fastener Holes
- Fastener Diameters
- Pins
- Welded Studs
- Carbon-Steel or Unfinished (Machine) Bolts
- High-Strength Bolts, Nuts, and Washers
- Bolts in Combination with Welds
- Limitations on Use of Fasteners and Welds
- Plate Domes
- Stresses in Arch Ribs
- Fixed Arches
- Two-Hinged Arches
- Three-Hinged Arches
- Repeated Loads
- Material Effects of Dynamic Loads
- Vibration of Single-Degree-of-Freedom Systems
- General Concepts of Structural Dynamics
- Contemporary Methods of Inelastic Analysis
- Classical Methods of Plastic Analysis
- General Material Nonlinear Effects
- Geometric Stiffness Matrix Method for Second-Order Effects
- Approximate Amplification Factors for Second-Order Effects
- General Second-Order Effects
- Comparisons of Elastic and Inelastic Analyses
- Local Buckling
- Elastic Flexural Buckling of Frames
- Elastic Lateral Buckling of Beams
- Elastic Flexural Buckling of Columns
- Influence Lines
- Matrix Stiffness Method
- Moment-Distribution Method
- Slope-Deflection Method
- Displacement Methods
- Force Method (Method of Consistent Deflections)
- Methods for Analysis of Statically Indeterminate Systems
- Deformations in Beams
- Forces in Statically Determinate Beams and Frames
- Deflections of Statically Determinate Trusses
- Forces in Statically Determinate Trusses
- Calculation of Reactions in Statically Determinate Systems
- Determinancy and Geometric Stability
- Commonly Used Structural Systems
- Types of Loads
- Reciprocal Theorems
- Castiglianos Theorems
- Virtual Work and Strain Energy
- Work of External Forces
- Unsymmetrical Bending
- Members Subjected to Combined Forces
- Shear Deflections in Beams
- Shear, Moment, and Deformation Relationships in Beams
- Shear Stresses in Beams
- Bending Stresses and Strains in Beams
- Members Subjected to Torsion
- Axial-Force Members
- Types of Structural Members and Supports
- Mohrs Circle
- Principal Stresses and Maximum Shear Stress
- Stress-Strain Relationships
- Components of Stress and Strain
- Stress-Strain Diagrams
- Kinetics
- Kinematics
- Frictional Forces
- Equations of Equilibrium
- Moments of Forces
- Principles of Forces
- Fundamentals of Structural Theory
- Safety Concerns
- Field Tolerances
- Erection Procedure for Bridges
- Erection Methods for Buildings
- Erection Equipment
- Fabrication Tolerances
- Cleaning and Painting
- Built-Up Sections
- Rolled Sections
- Shop Preassembly
- Camber
- Welding
- Bolting
- CNC Machines
- Punching and Drilling
- Cutting, Shearing, and Sawing
- Shop Detail Drawings
- Effects of Thermal Cutting
- Effects of Welding
- Effects of Punching Holes and Shearing
- Casting and Hot Rolling
- Steelmaking Methods
- Effects of Chemistry on Steel Properties
- Annealing and Normalizing
- Effects of Grain Size
- Changes in Carbon Steels on Heating and Cooling
- Variations in Mechanical Properties
- k-Area Cracking
- Welded Splices in Heavy Sections
- Lamellar Tearing
- Residual Stresses
- Brittle Fracture
- Fatigue
- Effect of Elevated Temperatures on Tensile Properties
- Effect of Strain Rate on Tensile Properties
- Effect of Cold Work on Tensile Properties
- Hardness Tests
- Properties in Shear
- Tensile Properties
- Steel Cable for Structural Applications
- Tubing for Structural Applications
- Steel Sheet and Strip for Structural Applications
- Relative Cost of Structural Steels
- Steel-Quality Designations
- Structural Steel Shapes and Plates
- Category: Super Structures
- Category: Surveying
- Category: Traditional Materials