Satellite surveying
7.1 Introduction At the time of going to press, satellite surveying relies mainly on a system called global positioning system […]
Surveying
Surveying is the art of making measurements of objects on, above or beneath the ground to show their relative positions on paper. The relative position required is either horizontal, or vertical, or both. Less precisely the term Surveying is used to the measurement of objects in their horizontal positions. Measurements to deteremine their relative vertical positions is known as levelling.
Remote sensing
Remote sensing may be defined as art and science of collecting informations about objects, area or phenomenon without having physical
Reciprocal vertical angles
The height differences between control points are often explicitly required in engineering surveying work. Even when they are not, they
Reduction of distance measurements
The reduction of distance measurements means the process of converting a measured slope distance between two points to the reduced
Ranging
When a survey line is longer than a chain length, it is necessary to align intermediate points on chain line so
Primary Divisions in Surveying
The earth is an oblate spheroid, length of equatorial axis being 12756.75 km and polar axis being 12713.80 km. Since
Principal surveying activities
3.1 Managing control networks Before any survey can yield useful results, it is necessary to establish a set of fixed
Plans and Maps
As stated in the definition of surveying the objective of measurements is to show relative positions of various objects on paper.
Plane Table and its Accessories
The most commonly used plane table is shown in Fig. 14.1. It consists of a well seasoned wooden table top