Window Glass
Various types and grades of glass are used for glazing: Clear Window Glass. This is the most extensively used type […]
Building Design and Construction
Sociological changes, new technology in industry and commerce, new building codes, other new laws and regulations, inflationary economies of nations, and advances in building technology place an ever-increasing burden on building designers
and constructors. They need more and more knowledge and skill to cope with the demands placed on them.
The public continually demands more complex buildings than in the past. They must serve more purposes, last longer, and require less maintenance and repair. As in the past, they must look attractive. Yet, both building construction and operating
costs must be kept within acceptable limits or new construction will cease.
To meet this challenge successfully, continual improvements in building design and construction must be made. Building designers and constructors should be alert to these advances and learn how to apply them skillfully.
One advance of note to building design is the adaptation of operations research, or systems design, developed around the middle of the twentieth century and originally
applied with noteworthy results to design of machines and electronic equipment.
In the past, design of a new building was mainly an imitation of the design of an existing building. Innovations were often developed fortuitously and by intuition and were rare occurrences. In contrast, systems design encourages innovation.
It is a precise procedure that guides creativity toward the best decisions. As a result, it can play a significant role in meeting the challenges posed by increasing building complexity and costs. The basic principles of systems design are presented
in this section.
Window Definitions
Bar. Either vertical or horizontal member that extends the full height or width of the glass opening. Blind Stop. A thin
Wind Protection
For practical design, wind and earthquakes may be treated as horizontal, or lateral, loads. Although wind and seismic loads may have
Wide-Module Joist Construction
Wide-module joist construction, which is also referred to as skip-joist construction, is an approach to reduce form costs and develop longer
What Constitutes the Contract Documents?
Generally, plans and specifications for a project are completed before issuance to contractors. This, however, is not always the case. For
Welding of Cold-Formed Steel
Electric currents are generally used in either of two ways to joint cold-formed steel components, with electric-arc welding or resistance
Welding and Brazing of Aluminum
Weldability and brazing properties of aluminum alloys depend heavily on their composition and heat treatment. Most of the wrought alloys can
Welding Ferrous Materials
General welding characteristics of the various types of ferrous metals are as follows: Wrought iron is ideally forged but may
Welded Studs
Studs electrically welded to the steel framework of a building are often used as the primary element for securing corrugated siding