Levelling
Levelling is the process of finding the height of a new point or points by comparison with that of an […]
Surveying is the art of making measurements of objects on, above or beneath the ground to show their relative positions on paper. The relative position required is either horizontal, or vertical, or both. Less precisely the term Surveying is used to the measurement of objects in their horizontal positions. Measurements to deteremine their relative vertical positions is known as levelling.
Levelling is the process of finding the height of a new point or points by comparison with that of an […]
The following instruments are required for measurements with chain and tape: (i) Arrows (ii) Pegs (iii) Ranging rods and ranging
Maps are used as the languages of simple geography. Importance of map making is recognised long ago. Surveyors went round the
Alidade bubble The bubble (usually a split bubble) used to set the vertical circle, usually so that the zero degree
8.1 Definition of the geoid The purpose of engineering surveying is to find the relative positions of points in three
The station points used in surveying are to be identified before executing any project: For this purpose, surveyors used permanent
Surveying has two notable characteristics: the work is done to a much higher level of accuracy than most other engineering
To get accurate results in surveying one should follow the following fundamental principles: (i) Work from whole to part (ii)
The errors may be grouped into the instrumental and personal errors. Instrumental Errors 1. The surface of plane table not
Errors in chaining may be classified as: (i) Personal errors (ii) Compensating errors, and (iii) Cumulating errors. Personal Errors Wrong