Contours
A contour line is a imaginary line which connects points of equal elevation. Such lines are drawn on the plan of […]
Surveying
Surveying is the art of making measurements of objects on, above or beneath the ground to show their relative positions on paper. The relative position required is either horizontal, or vertical, or both. Less precisely the term Surveying is used to the measurement of objects in their horizontal positions. Measurements to deteremine their relative vertical positions is known as levelling.
Computation of Angles
At any point, if bearings of any two lines are known, the angle between these two lines can be easily found
Computation of Areas from Field Notes
If the area is bound by straight edges, it can be subdivided in a set of convenient figures and area calculated.
Computing Areas from Maps
If map of an area is available its area can be found by the following methods: (i) Approximate methods (ii)
Computation of Volumes
The following three methods are available for computation of volumes: (i) From cross-sections (ii) From spot levels and (iii) From
Classification of Surveying
Surveying may be classified on the following basis: (i) Nature of the survey field (ii) Object of survey (iii) Instruments
Chain and Compass Surveying Field Work
In compass survey chain or tape is used for linear measurement. If the surveying starts from a station, goes round
Chain Surveying
Chain survey is suitable in the following cases: (i) Area to be surveyed is comparatively small (ii) Ground is fairly
Calculation of local scale factors in transverse Mercator projections
D.1 Quick calculation The quick formula for calculating a scale factor is: where S0 is the central scale factor, E0
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