Terms Used in Levelling
Before studying the art of levelling, it is necessary to clearly understand the following terms used in levelling: 1. Level […]
Surveying
Surveying is the art of making measurements of objects on, above or beneath the ground to show their relative positions on paper. The relative position required is either horizontal, or vertical, or both. Less precisely the term Surveying is used to the measurement of objects in their horizontal positions. Measurements to deteremine their relative vertical positions is known as levelling.
Temporary Adjustments of a Level
The adjustments to be made at every setting of the instrument are called temporary adjustments. The following three adjustments are
Surveying Worked examples in adjustment
E.1 Bowditch adjustment This example shows how the Bowditch calculation sheet, introduced in Chapter 10, is used in a simple
Tape Corrections (Surveying) With Example
The following five corrections may be found for the measured lengths of tape: (i) Corrections for absolute length (ii) Corrections
Surveying Worked example in setting out
The purpose of conducting a traverse of the type described in Appendix E would typically be to establish additional local
Surveying Appendix B
Control stations B.1 What is a control station? The essence of a control station is a small mark set immovably
Surveying Worked example in transforming between ellipsoids
This example shows how the geographical co-ordinates of a station can be converted from one system to another, following the
Surveying Worked example in transforming between ellipsoids Read Post »
Scales
It is not possible and also not desirable to make maps to one to one scale. While making maps all distances