Building Codes
Many of the restrictions encountered in building design are imposed by legal regulations. While all must be met, those in […]
Building Design and Construction
Sociological changes, new technology in industry and commerce, new building codes, other new laws and regulations, inflationary economies of nations, and advances in building technology place an ever-increasing burden on building designers
and constructors. They need more and more knowledge and skill to cope with the demands placed on them.
The public continually demands more complex buildings than in the past. They must serve more purposes, last longer, and require less maintenance and repair. As in the past, they must look attractive. Yet, both building construction and operating
costs must be kept within acceptable limits or new construction will cease.
To meet this challenge successfully, continual improvements in building design and construction must be made. Building designers and constructors should be alert to these advances and learn how to apply them skillfully.
One advance of note to building design is the adaptation of operations research, or systems design, developed around the middle of the twentieth century and originally
applied with noteworthy results to design of machines and electronic equipment.
In the past, design of a new building was mainly an imitation of the design of an existing building. Innovations were often developed fortuitously and by intuition and were rare occurrences. In contrast, systems design encourages innovation.
It is a precise procedure that guides creativity toward the best decisions. As a result, it can play a significant role in meeting the challenges posed by increasing building complexity and costs. The basic principles of systems design are presented
in this section.
Bronze
Originally, the bronzes were all alloys of copper and tin. Today, the term bronze is generally applied to engineering metals having
Bracing Design Considerations
Bracing as it applies to steel structures includes secondary members incorporated into the system of main members to serve these principal
Bracing for Individual Members
For an ideally straight, exactly concentrically loaded beam or column, only a small force may be needed from an intermediate
Brick-Clay or Shale
Brick have been made in a wide range of sizes and shapes, from the old Greek brick, which was practically a
Brass
A considerable range of brasses is obtainable for a large variety of end uses. The high ductility and malleability of the
Bituminous Roofing
Hot asphalt or coal tar are used for conventional built-up roofing. The bitumens are heated to a high enough temperature to
Bond, Development, and Grouting of Tendons
Three- or seven-wire pretensioning strand should be bonded beyond the critical section for a development length, in, of at least
Bolt
The National Design Specification for Wood Construction, American Forest & Paper Association, contains design provisions and design values for bolts with