Venting
Waste pipes are vented to the outside to balance the air pressure in various branches and to dilute any gases present. […]
Building Design and Construction
Sociological changes, new technology in industry and commerce, new building codes, other new laws and regulations, inflationary economies of nations, and advances in building technology place an ever-increasing burden on building designers
and constructors. They need more and more knowledge and skill to cope with the demands placed on them.
The public continually demands more complex buildings than in the past. They must serve more purposes, last longer, and require less maintenance and repair. As in the past, they must look attractive. Yet, both building construction and operating
costs must be kept within acceptable limits or new construction will cease.
To meet this challenge successfully, continual improvements in building design and construction must be made. Building designers and constructors should be alert to these advances and learn how to apply them skillfully.
One advance of note to building design is the adaptation of operations research, or systems design, developed around the middle of the twentieth century and originally
applied with noteworthy results to design of machines and electronic equipment.
In the past, design of a new building was mainly an imitation of the design of an existing building. Innovations were often developed fortuitously and by intuition and were rare occurrences. In contrast, systems design encourages innovation.
It is a precise procedure that guides creativity toward the best decisions. As a result, it can play a significant role in meeting the challenges posed by increasing building complexity and costs. The basic principles of systems design are presented
in this section.
Vehicles or Binders
Following are descriptions of the most commonly used vehicles and binders for paint: Natural Drying Oils. Drying oils harden by absorbing
Ventilation
Ventilation is utilized for many different purposes, the most common being control of humidity and condensation. Other well-known uses include exhaust
Vapor Retarders
These comprise a wide range of materials used to control flow of water vapor from the building interior into wall or
Variable-Air-Volume (VAV) Systems
The VAV concept as applied to air conditioning is based on the idea of varying the supply-air volume, with constant temperature,
Utilization of Cold Work of Forming
When strength alone, particularly yield strength, is an all-important consideration in selecting a material or grade for cold-formed shapes (Table 8.2),
Value Engineering
As indicated in Art. 1.3, the client in the initial design phase develops a program, or list of requirements. The goal
Upfront Documents
The contract documents prepared by the architect, engineer, or clients legal counsel include the contract between the client and contractor; the
