Concrete Masonry Units
A wide variety of manufactured products are produced from concrete and used in building construction. These include such items as concrete […]
Building Design and Construction
Sociological changes, new technology in industry and commerce, new building codes, other new laws and regulations, inflationary economies of nations, and advances in building technology place an ever-increasing burden on building designers
and constructors. They need more and more knowledge and skill to cope with the demands placed on them.
The public continually demands more complex buildings than in the past. They must serve more purposes, last longer, and require less maintenance and repair. As in the past, they must look attractive. Yet, both building construction and operating
costs must be kept within acceptable limits or new construction will cease.
To meet this challenge successfully, continual improvements in building design and construction must be made. Building designers and constructors should be alert to these advances and learn how to apply them skillfully.
One advance of note to building design is the adaptation of operations research, or systems design, developed around the middle of the twentieth century and originally
applied with noteworthy results to design of machines and electronic equipment.
In the past, design of a new building was mainly an imitation of the design of an existing building. Innovations were often developed fortuitously and by intuition and were rare occurrences. In contrast, systems design encourages innovation.
It is a precise procedure that guides creativity toward the best decisions. As a result, it can play a significant role in meeting the challenges posed by increasing building complexity and costs. The basic principles of systems design are presented
in this section.
Concrete Folded Plates
Reinforced-concrete, folded-plate construction is a versatile concept applicable to a variety of long-span roof construction. Applications using precast, simple V folded plates
Concrete Cover in Prestressed Members
The minimum thicknesses of cover required by the ACI 318 Building Code for prestressed and nonprestressed reinforcement, ducts, and end fittings
Concreting Vertical Elements
The interior of columns is usually congested; it contains a large volume of reinforcing steel compared with the volume of concrete,
Concreting Horizontal Elements
Concrete placement in horizontal elements follows the same general principles outlined in Art. 9.32. Where the surface will be covered and
Concentrically Loaded Compression Members
The following formulas apply to members in which the resultant of all loads acting on a member is an axial load
Computer Estimating
There are essentially three types of commercial computer products useful in preparation of cost estimates: Utilities. These are programs that arrange
Compressor-Motor Units
Compressor capacity decreases with increase in head pressure (or temperature) and fall in suction pressure (or temperature). Therefore, in choosing a
Composite Construction
In composite construction, rolled or built-up steel shapes are combined with reinforced concrete to form a structural member. Examples of this