Effects of Grain Size
When a low-carbon steel is heated above the A3 temperature line (Fig. 4.2), for example, to hot rolling and forging […]
Building Design and Construction
Sociological changes, new technology in industry and commerce, new building codes, other new laws and regulations, inflationary economies of nations, and advances in building technology place an ever-increasing burden on building designers
and constructors. They need more and more knowledge and skill to cope with the demands placed on them.
The public continually demands more complex buildings than in the past. They must serve more purposes, last longer, and require less maintenance and repair. As in the past, they must look attractive. Yet, both building construction and operating
costs must be kept within acceptable limits or new construction will cease.
To meet this challenge successfully, continual improvements in building design and construction must be made. Building designers and constructors should be alert to these advances and learn how to apply them skillfully.
One advance of note to building design is the adaptation of operations research, or systems design, developed around the middle of the twentieth century and originally
applied with noteworthy results to design of machines and electronic equipment.
In the past, design of a new building was mainly an imitation of the design of an existing building. Innovations were often developed fortuitously and by intuition and were rare occurrences. In contrast, systems design encourages innovation.
It is a precise procedure that guides creativity toward the best decisions. As a result, it can play a significant role in meeting the challenges posed by increasing building complexity and costs. The basic principles of systems design are presented
in this section.
Effects of Steel Production Methods
The processing of steels after conversion of pig iron to steel in a furnace has an important influence on the characteristics
Effects of Climate
The climate in the region where the roof will be constructed often plays a key role in design of the roof
Effects of Hot Rolling
While plates and shapes for construction applications can be obtained from processes other than casting and rolling of ingots, such as
Effect of Heat on Steel
A moderate rise in temperature of structural steel, say up to 500F, is beneficial in that the strength is about 10%
Economy in Column Design
Actual costs of reinforced-concrete columns in place per linear foot per kip of loadcarrying capacity vary widely. The following recommendations based
Earthquake Loads
The seismic loads on the structure during an earthquake result from inertia forces which were created by ground accelerations. The magnitude
Eccentrically Loaded Welded Connections
Welds are of two general types, fillet (Fig. 7.43a) and groove (Fig. 7.43b), with allowable stresses dependent on grade of weld
Duct Design
After air discharge grilles and the air handler, which consists of a heat exchanger and blower, have been located, it is