Mix Design
Concrete mixes are designed with the aid of test records obtained from field experience with the materials to be used. When […]
Building Design and Construction
Sociological changes, new technology in industry and commerce, new building codes, other new laws and regulations, inflationary economies of nations, and advances in building technology place an ever-increasing burden on building designers
and constructors. They need more and more knowledge and skill to cope with the demands placed on them.
The public continually demands more complex buildings than in the past. They must serve more purposes, last longer, and require less maintenance and repair. As in the past, they must look attractive. Yet, both building construction and operating
costs must be kept within acceptable limits or new construction will cease.
To meet this challenge successfully, continual improvements in building design and construction must be made. Building designers and constructors should be alert to these advances and learn how to apply them skillfully.
One advance of note to building design is the adaptation of operations research, or systems design, developed around the middle of the twentieth century and originally
applied with noteworthy results to design of machines and electronic equipment.
In the past, design of a new building was mainly an imitation of the design of an existing building. Innovations were often developed fortuitously and by intuition and were rare occurrences. In contrast, systems design encourages innovation.
It is a precise procedure that guides creativity toward the best decisions. As a result, it can play a significant role in meeting the challenges posed by increasing building complexity and costs. The basic principles of systems design are presented
in this section.
Modular Coordination of Windows
Manufacturers have contributed substantially toward standardization of window sizes and greater precision in fabrication. The American National Standards Institute has established an increment of
Methods of Placing
Concrete may be conveyed from a mixer to point of placement by any of a variety of methods and equipment,
Mill Materials
The steel shapes, plates, and bars that make up most of the materials used for structural steel are produced by mills
Mechanical Properties of Wood
Because of its structure, wood has different strength properties parallel and perpendicular to the grain. Tensile, bending, and compressive strengths
Members Subject to Torsion
This is a special type of load application, since in normal practice eccentric loads on beams are counterbalanced to the point
Members Subject to Cyclic Loading
Relatively few structural members in a building are ever subjected to large, repeated variations of stress or stress reversals (tension to
Mechanical Operators for Windows
Mechanical operation for pivoted and projected ventilators is achieved with a horizontal torsion shaft actuated by an endless hand chain or
Material for Cold-Formed Steel Shapes
Cold-formed shapes are usually made from hot-rolled sheet or strip steel, which costs less per pound than cold-rolled steel. The latter,