Reinforced-Concrete Arches
Arches are used in roofs for such buildings as hangars, auditoriums, gymnasiums, and rinks, where long spans are desired. An arch […]
Building Design and Construction
Sociological changes, new technology in industry and commerce, new building codes, other new laws and regulations, inflationary economies of nations, and advances in building technology place an ever-increasing burden on building designers
and constructors. They need more and more knowledge and skill to cope with the demands placed on them.
The public continually demands more complex buildings than in the past. They must serve more purposes, last longer, and require less maintenance and repair. As in the past, they must look attractive. Yet, both building construction and operating
costs must be kept within acceptable limits or new construction will cease.
To meet this challenge successfully, continual improvements in building design and construction must be made. Building designers and constructors should be alert to these advances and learn how to apply them skillfully.
One advance of note to building design is the adaptation of operations research, or systems design, developed around the middle of the twentieth century and originally
applied with noteworthy results to design of machines and electronic equipment.
In the past, design of a new building was mainly an imitation of the design of an existing building. Innovations were often developed fortuitously and by intuition and were rare occurrences. In contrast, systems design encourages innovation.
It is a precise procedure that guides creativity toward the best decisions. As a result, it can play a significant role in meeting the challenges posed by increasing building complexity and costs. The basic principles of systems design are presented
in this section.
Reinforced-Concete Thin Shells
Thin shells are curved slabs with thickness very small compared with the other dimensions. A thin shell possesses three-dimensional load-carrying characteristics.
Reinforcement for Shear and Flexure
Determination of the shear capacity of a beam is discussed in Art. 9.47. Minimum shear reinforcement is required in all beams
Reinforcement Cover in Precast Members
Less concrete cover is required for reinforcement in precast-concrete members manufactured under plant control conditions than in cast-in-place members because the control
Reinforced Plastics
These are commonly made with phenolic, polyester, and epoxide resins combined with various types of reinforcing agents, of which glass fibers
Refrigeration Cycles
Figure 13.29 shows the basic air-conditioning cycle of the direct-expansion type. The compressor takes refrigerant gas at a relatively low
Reiher-Meister Scale for Steady-State Vibrations
The scale discussed below and those in Art. 5.21 and 5.23 useful in assessing human perception to vibration levels. They are
Reiher-Meister Scale for Steady-State Vibrations Read Post »
Ramps
When space permits, a sloping surface, or ramp, can be used to connect different levels or floors (Fig. 16.1). As a
Radiators and Convectors
In hot-water and steam-heating systems, heat is released to the spaces to be warmed by radiation and convection. The percentage transmitted