The 1981 edition of BS 5328 (referred to in Section 19.1) provided a useful table showing the amount of aggregate per 100 kg cement in what were then termed (see Section 19.2), Ordinary prescribed mixes as shown in Table 19.3, and the percentage of fine aggregate to total aggregate in these mixes as shown in Table 19.4. The grading of the fine aggregate was then as BS 882:1973 which defined the grading for four zones of fine aggregate as shown in Table 19.5.
Although BS 882:1973 has now been revised, Tables 19.319.5 are still of practical use as a guide to determining the ratio of fine to coarse aggregate required to make a dense mix. Of the four Zone gradings shown in BS 882:1973, Zones 2 and 3 were the most used for forming a suitable concrete mix. Zone 1 grading (the coarsest) tended to give a harsh concrete and also
was often not procurable; and Zone 4 was usually avoided if possible because it contained too much fine material for producing the best concrete. (The revised version of BS 882 in 1983 no longer defined four Zones for fine aggregates, but substituted Coarse, Medium and Fine gradings which are too wide in range to be of practical use for mix design purposes.)
In practice samples of the fine and coarse aggregates proposed to be used should be sieved to find their typical grading. Sometimes it is found that the coarse aggregate contains a substantial proportion of fines (below 0.5mm), while the fine aggregate may frequently be of a uniform size. Consequently various ratios of coarse to fine aggregate must be tried out to see which gives the best mix. Envelopes of suitable grading curves for 20 and 40mm maximum size aggregate are shown in Fig. 19.3. The first trial mix can adopt a ratio of fine to coarse aggregate which, as near as possible, gives a grading approximating to the centre of the appropriate envelope shown. Adjustment of the mix proportions for subsequent trial mixes will then show whether some improvement in the quality of the mix is possible. The Design of normal concrete mixes published by the Building Research Establishment 1975 is a useful guide.