Distribution and control of daylight, desired vision of outdoors, privacy, ventilation control, heat loss, and weather resistance are all-important aspects of good design principles. Most building codes require that glass areas be equal to at least 10% of the floor area of each room. Nevertheless, it is good practice to provide glass areas in excess of 20% and to locate the windows as high in the wall as possible to lengthen the depth of light penetration. Continuous sash or one large opening in a room provides a more desirable distribution of light than separated narrow windows.
Either arrangement eliminates the dark areas between openings.
Location, type, and size of window are most important for natural ventilation.
The pattern of air movement within a building depends to a great extent on the angle at which the air enters and leaves. It is desirable, particularly in summer, to direct the flow of air downward and across a room at a low level. However, the type and location of windows best suited to ventilation may not provide adequately for admission of light and clear vision, or perhaps proper weather protection. To arrive at a satisfactory relationship, it may be necessary to compromise with these functional requirements.
While building codes may establish a minimum percentage of glass area, they likewise may limit the use of glass and also require a fire rating in particular locations. In hazardous industrial applications subject to explosions, scored glass is an added precaution for quick release of pressure.
Heat transmittance is of economic importance and can also affect comfort.
Weather stripping or the use of windows with integral frame and trim can minimize air infiltration. Double glazing or heat-absorbing glazing makes large glass areas feasible by materially reducing heat transmittance. Solar heating may be achieved by placement of glass areas so that the rays of the sun can be admitted during the winter.
