Working Operations
After fixing the table top to the stand and drawing sheet to the table, the following operations are to be […]
Surveying
Surveying is the art of making measurements of objects on, above or beneath the ground to show their relative positions on paper. The relative position required is either horizontal, or vertical, or both. Less precisely the term Surveying is used to the measurement of objects in their horizontal positions. Measurements to deteremine their relative vertical positions is known as levelling.
Whole Circle Bearing and Reduced Bearing
In whole circle bearing (WCB) the bearing of a line at any point is measured with respect to a meridian.
Units of Measurements
According to Standards of Weights and Measurements Act, India decided to give up FPS system used earlier and switched over
Types of Graphical Scales
The following two types of scales are used in surveying: (i) Plain Scale (ii) Diagonal Scale. 11.7.1 Plain Scale On
Types of Compass
The types of compass that are used commonly are: (i) prismatic compass; and (ii) surveyor compass. The essential parts of
Types of Direct Levelling
The following are the different types of direct levelling: (i) Simple levelling (ii) Differential levelling (iii) Fly levelling (iv) Profile
Total Station
It is combination of EDM instrument and electronic theodolite. It is also integrated with microprocessor, electronic data collector and storage
Theodolite
It is a commonly used instrument for measuring horizontal and vertical angles. It is used for prolonging a line, levelling and
Terms Used in Levelling
Before studying the art of levelling, it is necessary to clearly understand the following terms used in levelling: 1. Level