PublicPrivate Partnerships
There are certain infrastructure and other public works which are not favoured for PFI because they do not give the […]
Punching and Drilling
Bolt holes in structural steel are usually produced by punching (within thickness limitations). The American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC)
Quality Assurance
Concepts for improving and maintaining quality in the constructed project stress the participation of the design professional in the project team
Purchase Orders
Issuance of a purchase order differs from issuance of a subcontract (Art. 17.10.1). A purchase order is issued for material
Punching shear
Where a thin composite slab has to be designed to resist point lads (e.g. from a steel wheel of a loaded
Published Flow Records
When available, published flow records provide the most accurate data for designing culverts and bridge openings. This is because the
Providing constructional plant and equipment
A contractor will own a stock of plant and equipment which is available for loan to construction jobs the contractor has
Protection against Earthquakes
Buildings should be designed to withstand minor earthquakes without damage, because they may occur almost everywhere. For major earthquakes, it may
Protection against Water
Whether thrust against and into a building by a flood, driven into the interior by a heavy rain, leaking from plumbing,