Effects of shrinkage of concrete and of temperature
In the fairly dry environment of a building, an unrestrained concrete slab could be expected to shrink by 0.03% of its […]
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Effects of chloride contamination
As noted in Section 5.2.3, chloride ions may be introduced into concrete as either mix contaminants or from external sources
Effect of Strain Rate on Tensile Properties
Tensile properties of structural steels are usually determined at relatively slow strain rates to obtain information appropriate for designing structures
Effective Width Concept
The design of cold-formed steel differs from heavier construction in that elements of members typically have large width-to-thickness (w/ t) ratios
Effective Widths of Stiffened Elements
Uniformly Compressed Stiffened Elements The effective width for load capacity determination depends on a slenderness factor defined as where
Effective Widths of Unstiffened Elements
Uniformly Compressed Unstiffened Elements The effective widths for uniformly compressed unstiffened elements are calculated in the same manner as for stiffened
Effective Widths of Uniformly Compressed Elements with Edge Stiffener
A commonly encountered condition is a flange with one edge stiffened by a web, the other by an edge stiffener (Fig.
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Effect of Heat on Steel
A moderate rise in temperature of structural steel, say up to 500F, is beneficial in that the strength is about 10%
Effect of slip on stresses and deflections
Full-interaction and no-interaction elastic analyses are given in Section 2.2 for a composite beam made from two elements of equal