Factors affecting frost resistance of aggregates
Air-entrainment is an accepted method of ensuring durability of concrete in a cold environment, with regard to both internal distress […]
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Exploratory holes
Exploratory holes can generally be classified into three kinds: rotary core drilling by diamond drill to obtain samples of soil
Excavating and earth-placing machinery
Bulldozers (dozers) are used for cutting and grading work, for pushing scrapers to assist in their loading, stripping borrowpits, and for
Execution of Systems Design
The basic traditional design procedure (Art. 1.3), which has been widely used for many years, and commonly used variations of it
Excess Water
Even within the specified limits on slump and water-cementitious materials ratio, excess water must be avoided. In this context, excess water
External restraint
It may be possible to avoid external restraint by the provision of movement joints, but in most structures it is
External sulfate attack involving expansive ettringite formation
The expansive ettringite form of sulfate attack in concrete exposed to aggressive ground is probably the most familiar type that
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Exposure conditions
Groundwaters and soils containing sulfate salts may be liable to cause expansive sulfate attack. Sulfuric acid can also occur naturally
Examples of serious structural failure
Serious examples of corrosion-related damage in prestressed concrete structures seldom occur. The following are examples of serious failures which are