Effects of Welding
Failures in service rarely, if ever, occur in properly made welds of adequate design. If a fracture occurs, it is […]
Structural Steel
Effects of Thermal Cutting
Fabrication of steel structures usually requires cutting of components by thermal cutting processes such as oxyfuel, air carbon arc, and
Effects of Grain Size
As indicated in Fig. 1.14, when a low-carbon steel is heated above the A1 temperature line, austenite, a solid solution of
Effects of Chemistry on Steel Properties
Chemical composition determines many characteristics of steels important in construction applications. Some of the chemicals present in commercial steels are a
Effects of Punching Holes and Shearing
Excessive cold working of exposed edges of structural-steel members can cause and cracking and should be avoided. Punching holes and
Effective Width Concept
The design of cold-formed steel differs from heavier construction in that elements of members typically have large width-to-thickness (w/ t) ratios
Effective Widths of Stiffened Elements
Uniformly Compressed Stiffened Elements The effective width for load capacity determination depends on a slenderness factor defined as where
Effective Widths of Unstiffened Elements
Uniformly Compressed Unstiffened Elements The effective widths for uniformly compressed unstiffened elements are calculated in the same manner as for stiffened
Effective Widths of Uniformly Compressed Elements with Edge Stiffener
A commonly encountered condition is a flange with one edge stiffened by a web, the other by an edge stiffener (Fig.
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