Why is the span length ratio of end span/approach span to its neighboring inner spans usually about 0.75?
From aesthetic point of view, an odd number of spans with a decrease in length in the direction of abutment […]
Questions and Answers
Which type of bar reinforcement is more corrosion resistant, epoxy-coated bars, stainless steel bars or galvanized bars?
Based on the experiment conducted by the Building Research Establishment, it was shown that the corrosion resistance of galvanized steel
What is the indication of shear slump and collapse slump in slump tests?
There are three types of slump that may occur in slumps test, namely, true slump, shear slump and collapse slump.
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What is the purpose of skin reinforcement for deep beams?
In BS8110, it states that secondary reinforcement should be provided for beams exceeding 750mm deep at a distance measured 2/3
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What is the function of rebate in a typical construction joint?
Construction joints are created on sites to facilitate the construction process. However, if improperly constructed, the completed construction joints will leave
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What is the function of shear keys in the design of retaining walls?
In determining the external stability of retaining walls, failure modes like bearing failure, sliding and overturning are normally considered in
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What is the difference in application between open stirrups and closed stirrups in concrete beams?
Open stirrups are provided principally to resist shear forces in concrete beams and they are applied in locations in which
What is the difference between epoxy grout, cement grout and cement mortar?
Epoxy grout consists of epoxy resin, epoxy hardener and sand/aggregates. In fact, there are various types of resin used in
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What is the consideration in selecting the orientation of wing walls in the design of bridge abutments?
There are three common arrangements of wing walls in bridge abutments based on Dr. Edmund C Hambly (1979): (i) Wing