Mapping
After completing field work in chain survey and compass survey lot of office work is involved to prepare the plan of […]
Surveying
Surveying is the art of making measurements of objects on, above or beneath the ground to show their relative positions on paper. The relative position required is either horizontal, or vertical, or both. Less precisely the term Surveying is used to the measurement of objects in their horizontal positions. Measurements to deteremine their relative vertical positions is known as levelling.
Local Attraction
A freely suspended and properly balanced magnetic needle is expected to show magnetic meridian. However, local objects like electric wires
Levelling
Levelling is the process of finding the height of a new point or points by comparison with that of an
Levelling Instruments
A level is an instrument giving horizontal line of sight and magnifying the reading at a far away distance. It consists
Levelling Staff
Along with a level, a levelling staff is also required for levelling. The levelling staff is a rectangular rod having
Instruments used in Chaining
The following instruments are required for measurements with chain and tape: (i) Arrows (ii) Pegs (iii) Ranging rods and ranging
Geoids and ellipsoids
8.1 Definition of the geoid The purpose of engineering surveying is to find the relative positions of points in three
Global Positioning System
The station points used in surveying are to be identified before executing any project: For this purpose, surveyors used permanent
Geographical Information System (GIS)
Maps are used as the languages of simple geography. Importance of map making is recognised long ago. Surveyors went round the